found: Work cat.: Ku lian, 1982:cover (Da lu shang hen wen xue xuan ji [Selected works of mainland scar literature])
found: Berkshire encyclopedia of China, 2009(Wound Literature Shānghén Wénxué 伤痕文学 = shang hen wen xue. Wound literature, a genre appearing after the end of the Cultural Revolution, focuses on psychological and emotional damage to individuals, especially youth, from the depredations of that era. Criticized as subversive or embraced as cathartic when it first appeared, later analysis of the genre tends to focus on its literary weaknesses, including simplistic narrative and representation of character.)
found: Britannica online, Nov. 11, 2016(under Chinese literature - Modern Chinese literature - After the Cultural Revolution: The accusatory "scar literature," a sort of national catharsis that immediately followed the 10-year "holocaust," gave way to more professional and more daring writing)
found: Encyclopedia of contemporary Chinese culture, via WWW, Nov. 11, 2016(Scar literature. The first new genre of fiction to emerge after the Cultural Revolution, "Scar literature" or "wound literature" (shanghen wenxue) lasted from the end of 1977 to 1979; stories dwell on the mental or physical scars left by the previous decade of radical politics; hundreds of hastily written "Scar" stories, poems and plays were published, "exposing" the "dark side" of socialist society. By the early 1980s, however, this highly emotional genre gave way to a more reflective, problem-oriented "reform literature" (gaige wenxue))
found: He, H.Y. Dictionary of the political thought of the People's Republic of China, 2015, via Google books, viewed on Nov. 11, 2016(shanghen wenxue (scar literature); 1976 downfall of the Gang of Four gave birth to a new genre referred to as "shanghen wenxue" ("scar literature", also translated as "literature of the wounded" or "wound literature"); the works exposed and denounced the crimes of Lin Biao, the Gang, and their accomplices)
found: Roses and thorns : the second blooming of the Hundred Flowers in Chinese fiction, 1979-80, ©1984, via Google books, viewed on Nov. 11, 2016:p. 20 (The scope of scar literature gradually widened to include themes not only of broken families but of oppressive officials, dirty prisons, mindless dogmatism, corruption, abuse of privilege, extremes of poverty, and anything else that could be charged against the Gang of Four and their rule) p. 206 (Lu Xinhua's pathbreaking story "Scar" (August 1978) led to the designation "Scar literature" for hundreds of similar stories that followed)
found: Chinese literature in the second half of a modern century, ©2000, via Google books, viewed on Nov. 11, 2016:p. xxiv (Shanghen wenxue, or "scar literature," has often been regarded as the first sign of a thaw in PRC literature after the Cultural Revolution and the death of Mao; writing about the atrocities of the ten-year mainland turmoil; by invoking the physical scar as a testament of the Cultural Revolution, writers of scar literature describe a body politic through which the past can be remembered and suppressed memory restored; scar literature and its immediate successor, fansi wenxue, or "reflection literature," examine Chinese people's ideological fanaticism and call for the rejuvenation of humanistic consciousness) p. xxv (excruciating pain and sorrow underlying scar writings)
found: Jing, K. Contemporary Chinese fiction : politics and romance, 2007, via WWW, Nov. 11, 2016:p. 77 (In 1978, two years after the end of the Cultural Revolution, a new era of Chinese literature began. It was marked with the short story "The Scar," written by Lu Xinhua; was the first to condemn the Cultural Revolution; it impressed the readers, aroused the strong sympathy of the whole society for the people who had been persecuted during the Cultural Revolution, and thus brought about a large number of similar short stories; with a political moral, these extraordinary and intriguing stories reveal the cruelty and ignorance of the Cultural Revolution, condemn class discrimination and social inequality, and end with bright, hopeful prospects. The critics often call these stories "Scar Literature") p. 78 (Most of the conflicts in the novels and short stories of Scar Literature are full of theatricality, owing to some chance events. To the writers, the Cultural Revolution is oppressive but generous, offering writers many romantic stories: evil prevails for a time and the good suffer but triumph in the end. These stories of Scar Literature appeal to humanitarianism; therefore, during that period of time, they evoked a lot of traumatic memories and intense arguments among the people) p. 81 (Scar Literature unmasks the dark ages to a certain degree, whereas Introspection Literature has a stronger political concern and is deeply in love with life in the early 1950s, which for the writers was full of "bright prospects")
found: History and politics reflected in modern Chinese literature, via WWW, Nov. 11, 2016:Post-Mao China (1976-present) (After the death of Chairman Mao Zedong in 1976 and the removal of the Gang of Four from power, a new genre of writing known as scar literature appeared; Scar literature portrayed the personal suffering, wasted youth and talents, despair, fear, and paranoia everyone endured during the political persecution and "class struggle" of the Cultural Revolution; Scar literature as its own genre subsided after 1979, and in its place rose self-reflection literature, with more humanist themes and a broader historical scope)
found: Wikipedia, Nov. 11, 2016(Scar literature or literature of the wounded (Chinese: 伤痕文学 = shang hen wen xue; shanghen wenxue) is a genre of Chinese literature which emerged in the late 1970s, soon after the death of Mao Zedong, portraying the sufferings of cadres and intellectuals during the tragic experiences of the Cultural Revolution and the rule of the Gang of Four; Though scar literature focuses on trauma and oppression, and has been described as largely negative, love and faith remained its major themes)
found: Yang, L. Chinese fiction of the Cultural Revolution, 1998, via Google books, viewed Dec. 9, 2016:p. 225 ('scar fiction', which targets the tragedies in individual lives in contemporary China, is an important part of post-CR literature; in scar fiction, many of the protagonists are the 'rightists' of 1957 or the 'counter-revolutionaries' of the Cultural Revolution)
found: Hong, Z. A history of contemporary Chinese literature, 2007, via Google books, viewed Dec. 9, 2016:p. 293 (The literature of the late 1970s and early 1980s was referred to as "scar literature", "introspective literature", and "reform literature", among other terms, in literary circles of the time. These concepts were widely accepted and used. ... The literary work terms such as "scar literature" referred to was chiefly fiction, especially novellas and short stories, and therefore, in many circumstances, these terms were equivalent with terms such as scar fiction, introspective fiction, and reform fiction. ... The formulation of the term "scar literature" was directly related to the appearance of a great quantity of literature exposing the disaster that was the "Cultural Revolution", and described the tragic fate of educated youths, intellectuals, and persecuted officials during that time.)
found: Google search, Dec. 9, 2016(11,200 results for "scar literature"; 875 results for "scar fiction"; 3,050 results for "wound literature")
found: English-Lueck, J.A. Chinese intellectuals on the world frontier, 1997:p. 41 (shanghen literature)
found: Linder, B. Alienation and the motif of the unlived life in contemporary Chinese fiction, 1998:p. 28 (Most critics agree that shanghen wenxue, fansi wenxue, zhiqing wenxue and gaige wenxue are "artistically weak, politically tendentious, but historically significant") pp. 39-40 (On a literary level, social and cultural alienation have been reflected in shanghen wenxue, fansi wenxue, gaige wenxue, zhiqing wenxue, and xungen wenxue; shanghen literature)
found: China information, Dec. 1988:p. 73 (Shanghen literature was soon followed by the so-called xungen wenxue (root-searching literature))
