CRISPR-associated protein 9

found: Work cat.: Kozubek, Jim. Modern Prometheus: editing the human genome with CRISPR-Cas9, 2016.

found: Archives of Disease in Childhood -- Education & Practice Edition, April 2016:What is CRISPR/Cas9?, p. 213 ("Clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9...is a gene-editing technology which involves two essential components: a guide RNA to match a desired target gene, and Cas9 (CRISPR-associated protein 9)--an endonuclease which causes a double-stranded DNA break, allowing modifications to the genome. One of the most exciting applications of CRISPR/Cas9 is its potential use to treat genetic disorders caused by single gene mutations")

found: Nature, March 7, 2016:CRISPR: gene editing is just the beginning, p. 160 (Graphic: "Hacking CRISPR. By modifying the molecular machinery that powers CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing, scientists can probe the functions of genes and gene regulators with unprecedented specificity")

found: Prospec website, viewed March 5, 2018CAS9 (Cas9 (CRISPR associated protein 9) is an RNA-guided DNA endonuclease enzyme associated with the CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) adaptive immunity system in Streptococcus pyogenes, among other bacteria. S. Pyogenes utilizes Cas9 to remember and later probe and cleave foreign DNA, such as invading bacteriophage DNA or plasmid DNA. In case that the DNA substrate is complementary to the guide RNA, Cas9 cleaves the invading DNA. In addition to its original role in bacterial immunity, the Cas9 protein has been heavily employed as a genome engineering tool to induce site-directed double strand breaks in DNA. These disruptions may lead to gene inactivation or the presentation of heterologous genes via non-homologous end joining and homologous recombination respectively in many laboratory model organisms)