found: Work cat.: Chouvy, P. Les territoires de l'opium, c2002:t.p. (Croissant d'Or) pp. 17-18 (le Croissant d'Or, en Asie du Sud-Ouest; stricto sensu, l'Afghanistan, l'Iran, et le Pakistan)
found: Encyclopedia of modern Asia, c2002(Golden Crescent: The Golden Crescent is the name given to Asia's principal area of illicit opium production, located at the crossroads of Central, South, and Western Asia. This space overlaps three nations, Afghanistan, Iran, and Pakistan, whose mountainous peripheries define the crescent ... The Golden Crescent has a much longer history of opium production than does Southeast Asia's Golden Triangle, even though the Golden Crescent emerged as a modern-day opium-producing entity only in the 1970s, after the Golden Triangle did so in the 1950s.)
found: Steinberg, J. The Golden Crescent heroin connection, via WWW, Aug. 11, 2003(the Golden Crescent region, encompassing the mountain valleys of Iran, Afghanistan, and Pakistan)
found: Bezanis, L. An enlarged Golden Crescent, via WWW, Aug. 11, 2003("Poverty, porous internal and external borders, and civil strife -- in Tajikistan, Abkhazia, Chechnya, and Nagorno-Karabakh -- have effectively enlarged the traditional Golden Crescent drug region to include not only Afghanistan, and Pakistan, but the countries of Central Asia and the Caucasus as well.")
found: Zhmuida, I. The Golden Crescent and Central Asia : heroin expansion, via WWW, Aug. 11, 2003("By the mid-1980s radical changes had come to stay on the world illegal drug market: the Golden Crescent became another center of production and distribution of drugs together with other two major international centers (the Andes Group in South America that produced cocaine and the Golden Triangle of Southeast Asia producing hard drugs--opium and heroin). The new center (Afghanistan, and its neighbors Pakistan and Iran) specializes on raising opium poppy and Cannabis indica from which soft drugs (hashish and marijuana) are produced.")
found: V. Poshyachinda. Drug injecting and HIV infection among the population of drug abusers in Asia, via WWW, Aug. 11, 2003("Opium has been produced and consumed since the nineteenth century in the areas of Asia currently referred to as the Golden Crescent and the Golden Triangle"; "The seat of the Golden Crescent lies in South-West Asia and South Asia, including districts in the North-west Frontier Province of Pakistan, the adjacent Badakhshan area of Afghanistan and the Baluchistan area of the Islamic Republic of Iran. The area has been the scene of traditional opium poppy cultivation since the nineteenth century.")
found: Opium and derivatives, via U.N. Office on Drugs and Crime, Regional Centre for East Asia and the Pacific web site, Aug. 11, 2003("Globally, opium cultivation is concentrated in two geographic areas: in the 'Golden Triangle' and in the 'Golden Crescent' ... The Golden Crescent refers to areas in West Asia comprising large parts of Afghanistan and a smaller area in Pakistan.")
