found: Work cat.: 2004045784: Shalem, Avinoam. Oliphants, 2004:CIP data (oliphants, that is, horns carved from the ivory tusks of elephants, are among the most intriguing and impressive examples of secular art of the pre-Gothic era in Western Europe)
found: AAT, Mar. 17, 2004(oliphants; medieval end-blown ivory aerophones made from elephants' tusks, finely carved and prized by the wealthy classes mainly as tokens of land tenure or by churches as reliquaries, rather than as sound devices; terms: oliphants; oliphant; olifants)
found: Britannica online, Mar. 17, 2004:under Horn (medieval European ivory horns, imported from Byzantium in the 10th cent., were associated with royalty; these ivory (sometimes bone) horns, often richly carved, were called oliphants)
found: Groveart, Mar. 17, 2004(oliphant; medieval ivory horn, usually with carved decoration; about 60 oliphants survive from a brief period of production during the 11th and 12th cents.; in Chanson de Roland the horn is first given the name of 'olifan' or 'olifant', terms by then used interchangeably to designate both elephant and ivory)
found: New Grove dict. of mus. WWW site, Sept. 3, 2009(Medieval end-blown ivory horn, sometimes finely carved, perhaps more often used as a token of land tenure or rights, and by churches as a reliquary, than as a musical instrument)