Bibframe Work

Literal interpretation

External, circumstances, context, and acts in part materia

Title, marginal notes, punctuation, preamble, schedule

Presumptions arising from subject matter, and object of enactments as to language used

Presumptions arising from scope and specific purpose of act, and as to evasion, and abuse to power

Presumptions as to jurisdiction, government, excess of legislative functions and powers, violation of international laws, treatise, and constitutions

Presumption against inconsistency : repeal by implication

Presumption against repeal by implication : general, special and penal acts

Presumption against unreason, inconvenience, injustice, and absurdity

Presumption against construction premitting impairing of contracts, advantage from own wrong, and retrospective operation.