Vọng cố

found: Work cat.: 97-218992: Jähnichen, G. Studien zu traditionellen vietnamesischen Instrumentalpraktiken des hát ả đào und des ca vọng cỏ̂, 1997.

found: New Grove:under Vietnam (Dan tai tu ("amateurs' music"). This music, found in the south, belongs to the same tradition as Huê music, though repertory and instrumental technique are slightly different; most popular piece in southern tradition is Vong cô ("Nostalgia for the past"), composed in 1917 by M. Sau Lâu, native of Bac Liêu in south Vietnam; since then, this piece of 20 phrases of 2 bars has become a piece of 6 phrases of 32 bars; its melodic line, with fixed notes on certain beats, can be infinitely varied according to musicians and instruments)

found: White, D. Dict. of pop. music styles of the world, c1998:p. 95, under Vietnam (vong cô, a style of song which conveys "nostalgia for the past")