Ukraïnsʹka Narodna Respublika. Armii︠a︡

Українська Народна Республіка. Армія

found: Bukovynsʹkyĭ kurinʹ, 1995:p. 6 (Armiï UNR) p. 14 (Armiï Ukraïnsʹkoï Narodnoï Respubliky)

found: Encyc. of Ukraine:v. 1, p. 115-118 (Army of the Ukrainian National Republic. The armed forces of Ukraine during the struggle for independence in 1917-1921. Unlike the Ukrainian Galician Army, the regular armed forces of the Western Ukrainian National Republic (ZUNR), the army of the UNR was never a regular, well-structured organization, but was made up of various armed volunteer units. Historically, the UNR army can be divided into three main phases: the Central Rada, the Hetman government, and the Directory of the UNR. Having been formed basically by Russian army personnel, the UNR army followed Russian organizational and tactical models. Because of frequent changes of the front, regimes, and military commands, because of the anarchy created by guerrilla detachments, and because of German and Austrian opposition, the UNR army was never able to complete its organization through conscription or general mobilization, and hence remained an army of volunteers with no durable home front and no permanent base from which to draw human and material resources)