found: Work cat.: 2017025487: Currie, S. Sharing posts, 2017:CIP galley (analyzes the concept of fake news and how to identify it; The difference between fake news and the unfounded rumors not the content of the lie, but in how the lie is spread; not news that turns out to be false, but deliberately false news stories that are spread largely through the Internet; the deliberate spreading of wrong information via the Internet and social media; does not generally encompass well-intentioned news stories that are merely based on incorrect information; deliberate propaganda by governments does not apply; intent of the publisher is an important determinant; websites that describe themselves as satire or parody sites are rarely considered to be sources of fake news; does not include erroneous information put out by otherwise legitimate news organizations, which sometimes make mistakes)
found: 2017022209: Hand, C. Everything you need to know about fake news and propaganda, 2017(Fake news is news that can be demonstrated to be false, but is deliberately packaged to appear as real or true. It is meant to deceive the reader or listener)
found: 2017046663: Vance, L. Fake news and media bias, 2018:CIP galley (discusses the concept of fake news that has increasingly been used since the 2016 U.S. presidential election. This generally refers to stories that are outright lies. However, the term is not always used accurately. Some stories that are labeled fake news are indeed completely made up, but it is a label that is increasingly used to discredit any story with which a person disagrees. Both fake news and the misuse of the term to describe real news stories can have dangerous consequences)
found: 2017038457: McNair, B. Falsehood, fabrication and fiction in journalism, 2017:CIP galley (presents fake news, not as a cultural issue in isolation, but as arising from, and contributing to, significant political and social trends in twenty-first century societies. The rise of fake news can be attributed to at least three motivations. The aims of this weaponisation have frequently been strategically political, as in the case of Putin's Russia and political campaigners in the US, the UK, France and elsewhere. They have been commercial, as in the case of the fake news factories which exist to generate clickbait and thus advertising revenue on social media platforms such as Facebook and Twitter. Sometimes they have simply been mischievous, as when computer geeks and hackers knowingly put online fictitious stories for the satisfaction of having them taken seriously)
found: Macquarie dictionary online, Oct. 12, 2017(Fake news: disinformation and hoaxes published on websites for political purposes or to drive web traffic the incorrect information passed along by social media)
found: Britannica online, Oct. 12, 2017(Fake news: In the second decade of the 21st century and especially during the U.S. Presidential election campaign in 2015-2016, social media platform in particular facilitated the spread of politically oriented "fake news", a kind of disinformation produced by for-profit web sites posing as legitimate news organizations and designed to attract (and mislead) certain readers by exploiting entrenched partisan biases)
found: Wardle, C. Fake news, it's complicated, article on firstdraftsnews.com, viewed Oct. 18, 2017(the term, fake news, is a complicated one and is so because it is many types of misinformation and disinformation; these are the different types of mis and disinformation: Satire or parody (no intention to cause harm but has potential to fool); Misleading content (misleading use of information to frame an issue or individual); Imposter content (where genuine sources are impersonated); Fabricated content (new content is 100% false, designed to deceive and do harm); False connection (when headlines, visuals or captions don't support the content); False content (when genuine content is shared with false contextual information); Manipulated content (when genuine information or imagery is manipulated to deceive))
