found: Work cat.: Tor, D.G. Violent order : religious warfare, chivalry, and the ʻayyār phenomenon in the medieval Islamic world, 2007:p. 11 ("The ʻayyārs, one of the most prominent paramilitary groups of the medieval Eastern Islamic world ... Traditionally, the ʻayyārun are generally familiar to scholars from two contexts: as warriors on the side of the Caliph al-Amīn in the Fourth Fitna (811-813), the civil war between the sons of Hārūn al-Rashīd; and as the founders of a dynasty (the Ṣaffārid) ... In fact, ʻayyārī/ʻiyāra was one of the most characteristic social phenomena of the classical Islamic world"; Persian and Arabic plural forms of the word: ʻayyārūn (Arabic) and ʻayyārān (Persian))
found: Britannica online, Jan. 28, 2008('ayyar: Arabic plural 'ayyarun, Persian plural 'ayyaran, any member of a class of warriors common to Iraq and Iran in the 9th-12th century, often associated in futuwah, medieval Islamic urban organizations. Though 'ayyarun were found fighting for Islam on the frontiers of inner Asia, the most thorough documentation of these warriors describes their activities in Baghdad in the 10th-12th century, a picture that may not be typical of 'ayyarun in other areas. They even succeeded in setting up a dynasty of their own, the Saffarids (867-c. 1495), in eastern Iran.)
found: Wikipedia, Jan. 28, 2008(Ayyarun: Áyyārūn, Arabic plural is 'ayyarun, Persian plural is 'ayyaran'; Arabic for "scoundrel" or "vagabond". This word refers to a person associated with a class of warriors in Iraq and Iran from the 9th to the 12th centuries. They were associated with futuwa/futuwwa, or medieval Islamic organizations located in cities. 'Ayyarun fought for Islam in Asia, though most of the writing about them centers on their Baghdad activities of the 10th to the 12th centuries.)
found: Muslim societies in Asia, via WWW, Jan. 28, 2008:Islamic glossary ('ayyarun: vagabonds; tenth-twelfth century urban gangs who subscribed to futuwwa ideals and often appeared as military opponents of state regimes)
found: LC database, Jan. 28, 2008(Ayyaran in the history of Iran; al-ʻAyyārūn wa-al-shuṭṭār al-Baghādidah fī al-tārīkh al-ʻAbbāsī; Sāsānid soldiers in early Muslim society : the origins of ʻAyyārān and Futuwwa)
