found: Work cat: Otte, T.G. By-elections in British politics, 1832-1914:p. [iv] of cover (Between the 1832 Great Reform Act and the outbreak of World War One in 1914, over 2,600 by-elections took place in Britain. They were triggered by the death, retirement or resignation of sitting MPs or by the appointment of cabinet ministers and were a regular feature of Victorian and Edwardian politics)
found: OED online, Apr. 30, 2013(By-election. The choice of a parliamentary representative at a time other than that of a General Election)
found: Taegan Goddard's Political Dictionary online, Apr. 30, 2013(By-election. A by-election is an election held to fill a political office that has become vacant between regularly scheduled elections. It's also frequently referred to as a special election. Typically, a by-election occurs when the incumbent has resigned or died, but it may also occur in the case of a recall or as a result of election results being invalidated by voting irregularities)
found: Wikipedia, Apr. 30, 2013(By-election. A by-election (occasionally also spelled bye-election, and known in the United States, Palau, Micronesia and sometimes in Liberia and the Philippines as a special election) is an election held to fill a political office that has become vacant between regularly scheduled elections. Usually, a by-election occurs when the incumbent has died or resigned. It may also occur when the incumbent becomes ineligible to continue in office, for example because of a recall, ennoblement, a serious criminal conviction, failure to maintain a minimum attendance, bankruptcy or mental incapacity)
