found: Labrecque, E. The science of a triple axel, 2016:p. 4 (one of skating's hardest jumps, the triple axel) p. 9 (In early figure skating competitions, there was no jumping at all; American Jackson Haines introduced jumps into the skating world in the mid-1800s)
found: Farris, J.A.S. Top basic figure skating jumps every ice skater must know, via About.com website, updated Aug. 17, 2015, viewed on May 19, 2016(There are certain jumps that all ice skaters learn and that figure skating fans should try to recognize. These jumps are usually practiced in a certain order. The jumps listed in this article are listed in that order. The jumps that are considered most difficult jumps are listed last. Skaters receive more credit for the more difficult jumps. All of these jumps can be done as doubles or triples (with the exception of the waltz jump). 1. Waltz Jump. 2. Salchow. 3. Toe Loop. 4. Loop. 5. Flip. 6. Lutz. 7. Axel)
found: US Figure Skating website, May 19, 2016:about us > figure skating A to Z > glossary (Axel Jump - One of the most difficult jumps, which takes off from the forward outside edge and is landed on the back outside edge of the opposite foot; Edge Jump - A jump where the skater takes off from the entry edge of the skating foot without bringing the free foot in contact with the ice to assist the take off. The Axel, loop and Salchow are common edge jumps; Flip Jump - A toe-pick-assisted jump taken off from the back inside edge of one foot and landed on the back outside edge of the opposite foot; Jump Combination - A jump element consisting of two or three listed jumps where the landing foot of one jump is the take-off foot of the next jump; Jump Sequence - A jump element consisting of any number of listed jumps that are be linked by non-listed jumps and/or hops immediately following each other while maintaining the jump rhythm. There can be no turns, steps, crossovers or stroking during the sequence; Listed Jump - A jump that is listed in the scale of values. Listed jumps are defined by their take off. There are six different types of listed jumps: toe loop, Salchow, loop, flip, Lutz and Axel; Loop Jump - An edge jump, taken off from a back outside edge and landed on the same back outside edge; Lutz Jump - A toe-pick-assisted jump taken off from a back outside edge and landed on the back outside edge of the opposite foot. The skater glides backward on a wide curve, taps his toe pick into the ice, and rotates in the opposite direction of the curve; Salchow - Another edge jump taken off from the back inside edge of one foot and landed on the back outside edge of the opposite foot; Throw Jump - A pairs move in which the male partner assists the woman into the air, she then executes 1, 2, 3 or 4 revolutions and lands skating backward)
found: Britannica online, May 19, 2016(Figure skating, sport in which ice skaters, singly or in pairs, perform freestyle movements of jumps, spins, lifts, and footwork in a graceful manner; notable for their important contributions to the sport of figure skating are Axel Paulsen, Ulrich Salchow, and Alois Lutz. Each man created a jump that is now named after him; The evolution of increasingly difficult jumps continues to be a hallmark of the sport. Triple jumps, for example, became significant for men and women in the 1980s, and quadruple jumps became increasingly more important for men in the 1990s)
found: Blazok, L. The biomechical [sic] analysis of the kinetics and kinematics for three figure skating jumps, 2001.
found: Trager, S.E. Effects of altering segment mass on figure skating jumps, 2003.
found: What is a salchow anyhow? : how to identify the jumps of figure skating, c1998.
