Middle Passage

Here are entered works describing the forced voyages of enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to the Americas.

found: Work cat: Mustakeem, S.M. Slavery at sea, 2016(summary: "the book centers how the oceanic transport of human cargoes--infamously known as the Middle Passage--comprised a violently regulated process foundational to the institution of bondage") (OCoLC)946905310

found: Oxford Encyclopedia of African Thought, 2010(Middle Passage: "The term 'middle passage' refers to the suffering experienced by enslaved Africans on vessels sailing from West and Central West Africa to the Americas from 1518 to 1888. Although it was used to describe the poor conditions of European crews, indentured servants, and convicts on ships sailing from Europe to the Americas, in the late fifteenth century, the phrase "Middle Passage" was employed, beginning in the early sixteenth century, to describe the ordeals of enslaved Africans on ships going from West and Central West Africa to the Americas. The slave trade was carried out by the Dutch, British, French, Portuguese, and Spanish.")

found: Merriam-Webster dictionary online, viewed Oct. 26, 2021(Middle Passage: "the forced voyage of enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to the Americas")

Here are entered works describing the forced voyages of enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to the Americas.