Bibframe Work

Glossary of Armed Forces and Groups in Eastern Congo

Summary

Recommendations: To the Congolese Government

To the Congolese Army

To All Armed Groups

To the UN Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO), the Education Cluster, and UN Country Team

To Countries that Provide Military Training and Assistance to the Congolese Armed Forces, including Belgium, China, France, South Africa, and the United States

To Donor Governments and UN Agencies

Methodology

I. Background: Conflict in North and South Kivu 2012-2015: Fighting Between M23 Rebels and Congolese Army

Attacks on Civilians by Other Armed Groups

Education in North and South Kivu

II. Attacks on Students and Schools: Abduction of Children from School by Mai Mai Sheka

Recruitment of Children from Schools by the M23

Recruitment of Children from Schools by Other Armed Groups

Rape and Other Sexual Violence against Girls

Other Violent Attacks on Schools, Teachers, and Students

III. Military Use of Schools: Groups Using Schools for Military Purposes

Use of Schools as Military Bases and Temporary Accommodation: Duration of Military Use

Use of Schools for Military Training

Negative Consequences of Military Use of Schools: Girls' Experiences, Fear of Rape and Sexual Abuse

Forced Labor

Schools Damaged or Destroyed by Occupying Soldiers

Schools Damaged or Destroyed by Attacks Because of Military Presence

Ongoing Dangers After School Use

Harm to Education

Use of Schools for Extortion and Illegal "Tax" Collection

IV. International Examples of Good Military Practice Protecting Schools: Armed Forces and Non-State Armed Groups' Good Practice

International Guidelines for Protecting Schools from Military Use

V. Legal Protections for Schools, Children and Education: Congolese Domestic Law

Law of Armed Conflict (International Humanitarian Law): Protection of Schools

Prohibition on Use of Children in Armed Conflict

International Human Rights Law

Annex I: Safe Schools Declaration

Annex II: Guidelines: Guidelines for Protecting Schools and Universities from Military Use during Armed Conflict

Acknowledgments.