Williams, Robert F. (Robert Franklin), 1925-1996
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found: Negroes with guns, c1998:t.p. (Robert F. Williams) p. 4 of cover (1925-1996)
found: LC database, July 20, 1998(hdg.: Williams, Robert Franklin, 1925- )
found: Wikipedia, June 6, 2013(Robert Franklin Williams (Feb. 26, 1925--Oct. 15, 1996) was a civil rights leader, the president of the Monroe, N.C. NAACP chapter in the 1950s and early 1960s, and author. At a time when racial tension was high and official abuses were rampant, Williams was a key figure in promoting armed black self-defense in the U.S. He and his wife left the U.S. in 1961 to avoid prosecution for kidnapping. A self-professed Black Nationalist and supporter of liberation, he lived in both Cuba and communist China in exile)
found: Encyclopedia of African American History, 1896 to the Present: From the Age of Segregation to the Twenty-first Century, accessed September 21, 2014, via Oxford African American Studies Center database:(Williams, Robert F; civil rights activist, black nationalist, revolutionary; born 26 February 1925 in Monroe, North Carolina, US; discharged from U.S. Marines; returned to Monroe, North Carolina and assumed the presidency of the NAACP's Union County branch; published autobiography Negroes with Guns (1962); offered conditional support to the Freedom Riders (CORE) but refused an oath of nonviolence; fled to Cuba to avoid prosecution for kidnapping a white couple (August 1961); advocated for black rights via his Radio Free Dixie program and his publication the Crusader with the aid of Fidel Castro; relocated to China (1965), became involved in a movement to establish a genuine socialist society in the United States under the direction of Mao Zedong; became the international chairman of the Revolutionary Action movement and was elected president in exile of the Republic of New Africa; the U.S. government permitted him to return to the United States (1969); the state of North Carolina dropped its kidnapping charges against him; worked for U.S. government in advisory capacity regarding China; his years inside China had made him a rare commodity in the United States; secured a Ford Foundation grant for his work at the University of Michigan's Center for Chinese Studies; died 15 October 1996 in Michigan, United States)
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1998-07-20: new
2017-03-01: revised
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