found: Work cat.: Ancient hydrocarbon seeps, 2022:p. 4 of cover (details the function of hydrocarbon seeps)
found: Seafloor geomorphology as benthic habitat, 2020:p. 825 (Hydrocarbon seeps are benthic marine habitats where reduced chemicals (e.g., hydrogen sulfide and methane) emanate from the seafloor, supplied by subsurface hydrocarbon reservoirs. Microbes metabolize these chemical compounds and form the base of unique chemosynthetic communities that are not dependent on sunlight and photosynthesis. Hydrocarbon seeps are often characterized by high biological productivity and endemism, and like hydrothermal vents are considered biological oases in the normally food-poor deep sea)
found: Harvard University Girguis Laboratory website, accessed May 18, 2023:Hydrocarbon Seeps (marine hydrocarbon seeps. These seeps spew gaseous and liquid hydrocarbons, compounds that support a rich microbial and benthic faunal population. Marine hydrocarbon seeps exude gases, such as methane (CH4), C2-C5 alkanes, and other heavier liquid hydrocarbons; Marine seeps account for nearly 20-30% of the natural fossil CH4 emissions to the atmosphere)
found: Wikipedia, May 18, 2023:Cold seep (A cold seep (sometimes called a cold vent) is an area of the ocean floor where hydrogen sulfide, methane and other hydrocarbon-rich fluid seepage occurs, often in the form of a brine pool; Cold seeps occur over fissures on the seafloor caused by tectonic activity)
found: NOAA Ocean Exploration Factsheet on cold seeps, accessed via WWW, May 18, 2023(Cold seeps are places throughout the global ocean where chemicals like hydrogen sulfide, methane, and other hydrocarbon-rich fluids and/or gases escape from cracks or fissures in the ocean floor. At these seep sites, the escaping fluid or gas is most often found to have temperatures close to that of the surrounding seawater. They are referred to as cold seeps to differentiate them from the super-heated fluids released from hydrothermal vents; Cold seeps are also known as hydrocarbon seeps, methane seeps, marine seeps, and just seeps) - https://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/edu/materials/what-are-cold-seeps-fact-sheet.pdf found: Weird science: hydrothermal vents and cold seeps, via Exploring our fluid Earth website, May 18, 2023(Cold seeps are another environment of the deep sea loaded with energy-rich chemicals. Cold seeps occur at fissures, or cracks in the seafloor, that are caused by the movement of earth's tectonic plates. The environment of hydrothermal vents and cold seeps is different in terms of temperature and longevity. Unlike the chemicals around hydrothermal vents, cold seeps are similar in temperature to the surrounding waters. Seeps also tend to be more stable than hydrothermal vents. Hydrothermal vents are relatively short-lived, but cold seeps are long-lasting)
found: Li, Wenfang. Scientists discover new "cold vent" on ocean floor, via China daily website, May 18, 2019, viewed May 18, 2023(Cold vents are areas where methane, hydrogen sulfide and other hydrocarbons seep out off the ocean floor, providing a unique environment for organisms or the development of topographic features)
found: Chemical geology, May 2004:p. 220 (Salt-driven tectonics creates fault networks that serve as conduits for the rapid transfer of oil, gas and brines from deep reservoirs through the overlying sediments and ultimately into the water column. On the seafloor, such conduits give rise to gas vents and seeps, subsurface and sediment surface-breaching gas hydrates, brine pools, and mud volcanoes; methane seeps; hydrocarbon seeps) pp. 291-292 (A few years after the discovery of the spectacular hydrothermal vent communities, a second type of chemosynthetic oases, the so called "cold seeps," was found in the deep ocean during dives to the Gulf of Mexico and to the subduction zones of the NE Pacific and NW Pacific. Similar to hot vents, cold seeps support enormous biomasses of tube worms, mussels, vesicomyid clams, and giant sulfide-oxidizing bacteria and are associated with authigenic carbonates building chemoherms, features which resemble reefs and/or chimneys; cold seeps are characterized by focused flows of the less readily metabolizable and poorly soluble gas methane and other hydrocarbons. Temperatures are not elevated in the biologically active zones straddling the escape sites, although rapid fluid flow from depth does occur)
found: Moore, Clyde H. Carbonate reservoirs, 2013:p. 120 (cold hydrocarbon vents; petroleum, sulfur and methane cold seeps)
found: Foucher, Jean-Paul. Structure and drivers of cold seep ecosystems, 2009, via WWW, May 18, 2023:p. 93 (Submarine hydrocarbon seeps; seeps) pp. 101-102 (methane seeps; marine cold seeps) pp. 106-107 (hydrocarbon seeps; cold hydrocarbon seeps)
found: Google search, May 18, 2023(178,000 results for "cold seep"; 50,600 results for "hydrocarbon seep"; 151,000 results for "cold seeps"; 77,800 results for "hydrocarbon seeps")
